Betty Neuman Theory Essay Example For Students

Betty Neuman Theory Essay A theory is a group of related concepts that propose action that guide practice. A nursing theory is a set of concepts, definitions, relationships, and assumptions or propositions derived from nursing models or from other disciplines and project a purposive, systematic view of phenomena by designing specific inter-relationships among concepts for the purposes of describing, explaining, predicting, and /or prescribing. The Neuman’s system model has two major components i. e. stress and reaction to stress. The client in the Neuman’s system model is viewed as an open system in which repeated cycles of input, process, out put and feed back constitute a dynamic organizational pattern. The client may be an individual, a group, a family, a community or an aggregate. In the development towards growth and development open system continuously become more differentiated and elaborate or complex. As they become more complex, the internal conditions of regulation become more complex. Exchange with the environment are reciprocal, both the client and the environment may be affected either positively or negatively by the other. The system may adjust to the environment to itself. The ideal is to achieve optimal stability. As an open system the client, the client system has propensity to seek or maintain a balance among the various factors, both with in and out side the system, that seek to disrupt it. Neuman seeks these forces as stressors and views them as capable of having either positive or negative effects. Reaction to the stressors may be possible or actual with identifiable responses and symptom.

Refinancing and Workouts of Financially Distressed

Question: Discuss about the Refinancing and Workouts of Financially Distressed. Answer: Introduction: In this report we discuss the Australian case which involves breach of directors duties and officers duties under section 181 of the Corporation Act 2001. Case law which we choose is Bell Group LTD (in liq) v westpac banking corp (no 9) (2008) 225 FLR". Recently, the Western Australian Court of Appeal give its judgment in this case in which appeal is filed by the consortium of banks against the decision of Justice Owens in The Bell Group Limited (in liq) v Westpac Banking Corporation [No. 9] 2008 WASC 239. In the history of Australia this case is the longest and expensive case, and the judges, Lee, Drummond and Carr AJJA reach different conclusions and they provide different reasons for their conclusion. In this report, first we state the brief introduction of the case, and we also outline the duties and responsibilities of directors and officers that are breached and reasons for breaching the duties. In last we analyze the decision made by court or tribunal, and also the reason of decision take by court in relation to Corporation Act 2001. Subsequently this report is concluded at last. The Bell Group Limited (in liq) v Westpac Banking Corporation: Bell Group of Companies was the subsidiary of the Bell Group Limited (in liquidation). Bond Corporation Holding Limited controlled it from August 1988. There are number of banks in Australia which give facilities to the Bell Group of Companies, and facilities provided by these banks were independent, unsecured but these facilities are supported by pledge agreements which are negative. Bell Group of Companies has similar arrangements with the financial institutions set up in overseas. In 1980, Bell Group because of its high borrowings decided to sale its assets for the purpose of reducing its debts. In mid-1989 debts owned by the company to the Australian banks are too high, and company is not able to repay its debts and later on company restructure its facilities. In 1990 January Bell Group of Companies entered into number of transactions continuously and these transactions are related to refinancing and security documents. These transactions result in taken over security of valuable assets of Bell Group by banks (HWL Ebsworth, 2012). Almost after15 months provisional liquidator was appointed in Bell Groups, and banks started to precede the securities on the assets of the company and recover almost $283 million. In 1995, liquidators start proceedings against the banks, and they challenge the refinancing transactions and their validity. The main purpose of these proceedings was to recover the proceeds of the realization. Liquidators stated at the time of execution of transaction, the directors of the Bell Group of Companies knows or might be know that main companies of Bell Groups were insolvent, and they also stated that this conduct of directors result in breach of their duties. In their defense banks stated that the Bell Group of Companies were not insolvent at the time of execution of transaction, and in case if companies are insolvent then also banks were not aware about this. In first hearing Owens J made decision in favor of liquidators and found that: By entering into the transaction directors of the company breach their fiduciary duty towards the company and does not act in the best interest of the company and in such way which is for an improper purpose. It is wrong that banks are not aware about the breach of fiduciary duties by the directors of the company by executed the transactions which satisfied the first limb in Barnes v Addy. There is no liability on the banks for equitable fraud which was result of transactions and because of which one class of creditors gets preference over other cast of creditors. It was not necessary for the court to find whether intention of Bell Companies is to defraud, delay and hinder the creditors under section 121 of the Bankruptcy Act 1966 (Dibbs Barker, 2008). Breach of directors duties: Before discussing the breach of duties and responsibility by directors in this case, it is necessary that we understand the duties of directors stated in section 181 of the Corporation Act 2001: Clause (1) of this section states that it is the duty of the directors and other officers of the company that they must exercise their powers and discharge their duties in good faith or in the best interest of the company, and for proper purpose. Clause (1) of this section is the civil penalty provisions under section 1317E. Clause (2) of this section states that if any person contravenes clause 1 then he also contravenes this clause also. This section is also the civil penalty provisions under section 1317E (Corporation Act 2001, n.d.). In this case, plaintiff alleged that directors of the company breach their duties towards the company and do not act in the best interest of the company, and they also exercise their power for the purpose which is not proper and they are not able to avoid the conflict of interest. They argued that directors of the company: Not able to analyze the impact of the refinancing transactions on the company, creditors and future creditors of the company, and shareholders of the company. Directors decided to enter into refinancing transactions on the behalf of each company which result in making each company liable for the debts of BGF or BGUK to the banks, and both these companies are on the stage of insolvency at that time. Before entering into refinancing transactions only these two companies are liable towards the bank but now each company of Bell Group is liable. Directors take these steps to protect their position in TBGL and their financial interest in BCHL and other companies of Bond, and these steps was in conflict with their duties under section 181 of corporation act 2001 to the Bell Group of companies (Alert, 2010). The court held in this case directors breach their fiduciary duties by granting security in these circumstances. The duty breached by director was duty under section 181 that is to act in good faith and in the best interest of the company. Justice Owen considers to whom directors owned the duty, and judge found that duty is owned to the company itself not merely to the shareholders of the company. Justice Owen also held that it is necessary that directors of the company while discharging their duties is also take into account the interest of creditors of the company. His Honour's states that interest of the creditor must be take into account before the insolvent condition of the company. Court held that it is necessary to determine the duties of directors to act in good faith and in best interest of the company then this must be determine subjectively. In other words court must consider the state of mind of directors, and does not impose any analyzes which is objective in nature (Flannery, 2008). The last issue considered by Justice Owen was whether in discharging their duties to act in good faith and in best interest of the company of the relevant company, directors does not take into account the interest of whole group and only limit their duties to that particular company only. Its necessary that directors of the company must balance the interest of the company as well as interest of the group. The next question is whether directors breach their duties and answer is yes directors breach their duties to act in good faith and in best interest of the company. A director of the company does not consider the interest of the whole group but only consider the interest of the Bell Group such as that company on the assets of which security has been provided were insolvent at that time but directors of the company are not aware about the actual insolvency but they had knowledge of the chances of insolvency. Therefore it is clear that interest of each specific company involve the interest of unsecured creditors of the company (Hargovan Harris, n.d.). Before the refinancing transactions only specific numbers of companies are liable towards the financiers but after this decision of directors all companies which grant securities over their assets are liable towards the companies. These transactions are also not in the interest of unsecured creditors of each company because after these transactions financier has preferential rights over the assets of the companies. In other words, each individual company has incurred liability without obtaining any benefit. Some directors also enter into transaction with the aim to reduce likelihood of Bond Corporation Holdings Limited which has been on the situation of insolvency, and this act result in breach of their duty to act for the proper purpose. Lawyers of the company argued that minutes related to directors meeting must take into consideration to find out the reason for which directors of the company entered into transaction, and also set out the purpose of directors. Justice Owen does not give any importance to the minutes and said that in his view documents recorded I the meeting does not recorded exact facts for entering into transactions (Allens, 2009). Decision made by court/tribunal: In this case, there are four sets of decisions which have separate reasons, and these four sets includes decision given by trial judge that is Owen J and decision given by Lee, Drummond and Carr AJJA on appeal. This case involves number of legal issues such as equitable fraud, contractual obligations and rules stated in Barnes v Addy. In this High Court of Australia granted the special leave to appeal (Clark, 2010). Owen J in his decision held that at the time of refinancing transactions companies of Bell Group are insolvent, and banks held that they know if refinancing was not done then this group might be gone into liquidation. However, judge held that there are number of other options for restructuring which company can choose and there are not only refinancing agreement is the only option. Owen j also held that conduct of the bank was also prejudiced for the creditors of the company which are external because bank took securities over the assets of the company on which before these transactions there was no security. Later on, all the banks file appeal to the Western Australian Court of Appeal against the decision of the trial judge on 144 grounds. All three judges in the appeal confirmed the liability of the bank but also give slight different decisions with different reasons to the bank. Lee AJA agreed with the decision of trial judge and held that it is necessary that court consider whether directors acted in good faith or in the best interest of the company or not. Drummond AJA takes different approach and check whether court accesses the interest of the creditors of the company or not and whether they accessed objectively. Carr AJA held that Owen J consider the interest of creditors and determine the business decisions on the basis of creditors interest, and they also consider the duties of directors in respect of shareholders only. Both the trail judge and the judges on appeal held that directors of the company did not consider the interest of other creditors and only consider the interest of bank (Austlii, 2012; Austlii, 2013). Conclusion: In this report we state the legal issues raised in the case the Bell Group Limited (in liq) v Westpac Banking Corporation [No. 9] 2008 WASC 239. The above case imposes number of duties on the directors and the banks which they originally ignored. Especially for banks because banks obtain the securities then these securities were declared invalid and returned the proceedings of securities to the company, creditors and shareholders. There are number of legal issues are raised in this case which are set out in appeal and these issues are reviewed by the High Court of Australia. At last we conclude that it is necessary that directors of the company act in good faith and in the best interest of the company, and directors of the company must take into account the interest of all creditors not only single creditor of the company. References: HWL Ebsworth, (2012). The Bell Court of Appeal Decision. Retrieved on 16th December 2016 from: https://www.hwlebsworth.com.au/latest-news-a-publications/publications/insolvency-and-securities-enforcement/item/767-bell-round-2.html. Dibbs Barker, (2008). Bell Group Limited Decision. Retrieved on 16th December 2016 from: https://www.dibbsbarker.com/publication/Bell_Group_Limited_Decision.aspx. Corporation Act 2001- s181. Alert, (2010). REFINANCING AND WORKOUTS OF FINANCIALLY DISTRESSED COMPANIES: Lessons from The Bell Group Ltd (In Liquidation) v Westpac Banking Corporation. Retrieved on 16th December 2016 from: https://cornwalls.com.au/media/30115/article_feb%202010_bell%20group.pdf. Flannery, (2008). The Bell Tolls: Directors Duties and Financiers. Retrieved on 16th December 2016 from: https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/71924/The+Bell+Tolls+Directors+Duties+And+Financiers. Allens, (2009). Restructuring Insolvency. Retrieved on 16th December 2016 from: https://www.allens.com.au/pubs/insol/foinsol14sep09.htm. Hargovan, A. Harris, J. Before the High Court For Whom the Bell Tolls: Directors Duties to Creditors after Bell. Retrieved on 16th December 2016 from: https://sydney.edu.au/law/slr/slr_35/slr35_2/433_Harris_Hargovan.pdf. Clark, M. (2010). Westpac Banking Corp v Bell Group Ltd (in liq). Retrieved on 16th December 2016 from: https://blogs.unimelb.edu.au/opinionsonhigh/2014/04/10/bell-group-case-page/. Austlii, (2012). WESTPAC BANKING CORPORATION -v- THE BELL GROUP LTD (IN LIQ) [No 3] [2012] WASCA 157 (17 August 2012). Retrieved on 16th December 2016 from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/wa/WASCA/2012/157.html. Austlii, (2013). Westpac Banking Corporation Ors v The Bell Group Ltd Ors [2013] HCATrans 85 (23 April 2013). Retrieved on 16th December 2016 from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/HCATrans/2013/85.html.

A hero of tragedy must evoke the audiences with a sense of pity and fear Essay Example

A hero of tragedy must evoke the audiences with a sense of pity and fear Paper Othello fulfils the criteria of a domestic tragedy as it focus on the marital relationship between Othello and his wife, Desdemona. Shakespeare follows patterns of Aristotle’s theory of tragedy which enables him to elicit â€Å"pity† and â€Å"fear†. For example the tragic hero is a man of noble rank, he reaches pinnacle of happiness and worldly success. In Act II, with his position as commander of Cyprus and reunion with his wife Desdemona: Othello proclaims to Desdemona and those gathered in Cyprus: â€Å"If I were to die to die, ‘Twere now to be most happy; ( Act II.i.181-182) His hyperbolic speech conveys Othello’s happiness, as it is at its peak at this point in the play. His tragic flaw however, leads to reversal of fortune (peripeteia). Othello’s tragic flaw is manifested as his gullibility, by his â€Å"free and open nature†, that Iago exploits to bring about Othello’s down fall, creating â€Å"pity† and â€Å"fear† which is elicited during the play. After Othello’s death, order is restored in the end, leaving the audiences to experience catharsis and feel a sense of loss, just as Aristotle intended it to be. We will write a custom essay sample on A hero of tragedy must evoke the audiences with a sense of pity and fear specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on A hero of tragedy must evoke the audiences with a sense of pity and fear specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on A hero of tragedy must evoke the audiences with a sense of pity and fear specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The portrayal of Othello in Act I is juxtaposed to the Othello in Act III and IV, he is very different, he is portrayed as a physical and psychological wreck. Whereas in Act, Othello is afforded epithets, such as â€Å"valiant† and â€Å"noble moor: the use of the hyperbole creates a heroic tone, enabling the audience to identify Othello as the tragic hero. Othello fits the first criteria of an Aristotle theory of tragedy, a man of noble character, in Act I and II. However through Iago’s gulling, Othello begins to lose control, which is shown through his language â€Å"Zounds.† He becomes crude in his language like Iago. He exclaims â€Å"Goats and Monkey† echoing Iago’s earlier words: â€Å" Were they as prime as goats, as hot as moneys, As salt as wolves in pride, and fools as gross As ignorance made drunk. This portrays Othello’s peripeteia, following his harmatia ; his trust in the opportunist Iago which elicits â€Å"pity and fear†. The fact Othello uses taboo blasphemous language reflects the Jacobean perception of typical moor. At this point on stage, Shakespeare is conveying the stereotypical image of moor; a savage black man. One could say Shakespeare was using such a portrayal to please and entertain his racist audience. Or Shakespeare’s purpose could have been to educate his audience about how Othello’s tragic flaw can cause jealousy to unravel the â€Å"green eyed –monster†, which consumes Othello’s noble character and evokes â€Å"pity† and â€Å"fear†. As Othello deteriorates, his jealousy, anger and subsequent thirst for revenge is reflected in his language. Othellos own words seem to prophesy his downfall: †¦perdition catch my soul But I do love thee! And when I love thee not . Chaos is come again., III.3.90-92) This is the first time Othello’s admitted vulnerability to Iago, the Machiavellian. At this point Othello loves Desdemona unequivocally but ironically his words foreshadow the â€Å"Chaos† to come. The audience know Iago’ has hatched a plan to â€Å"turn her virtue into, pitch† and â€Å"emesh them all† (II.iii.329) .This rising fear, prepares the audience to predict inevitable events â€Å"chaos.† Act III scene iii, also known as temptation scene; it is here that Othello begins to disintegrate; his peripeteia comes with the relentless pressure placed on him by Iago. At this point the fear evoked from the audience as the equilibrium of Act II deteriorates into â€Å"Chaos†. Othello’s inter-racial marriage with Desdemona was frowned upon in sixteenth century. At the time interracial marriage were considered unnatural and immoral act. Even the sixth president of America, John Quincy Adams regarded this marriage as: ‘The great moral lesson of Othello [Shows] black and white blood cannot be intermingled in marriage without a gross outrage upon the law of Nature.’ I disagree with this critic, it is a lack of Christian morals of the characters (Iago, Barbantio and Roderigo) that has made Othello seem like an outsider, resulting in this â€Å"outrage to occur. For instance the hostile environment has forced Othello to trust â€Å"honest Iago†. Iago abuses Othello’s trust makes him feel racially inferior. We feel pity for Othello has he is alienated from the great dignitaries of Venice as well as his wife. Perhaps this is why Othello’s rude behaviour is justified in Act IV onwards as he is black man responding to racism [Actor Patrick Stewart]. In Act I, Othello responds to racism in non-passive approach, through eloquent dialect â€Å"pardon me†, However in Act Iv Othello feels racially inferior, alienated and loses control and responds in aggressive manner â€Å"strumpet† . I think his behaviour is justified as he unaware of the real situation, and feels alienated. As the play progresses and Iago’s machinations and plans take shape, Othello’s speech declines from prose to verse; he speaks in broken sentences: â€Å" Lies with Her? Lie on her? we say lie on they belie on her. (IV.1.135-136) The structure of Othello speech signifies that Othello is not in right state of his mind; his speech is quick paced and lacks coherence reflecting his â€Å"broken† mind. Even Desdemona has noticed the poignant change in the Othello â€Å"my lord is not my lord†. This begins to create â€Å"pity and fear† for Desdemona, she is too naive to realise his jealousy. The audience feel great pity for Desdemona and fear Othello as he [strikes her]. The stage directions play an important role. Dramatists have often portrayed Desdemona being thrown dramatically and her cheeks appearing bright red. The eponymous hero at this point could be seen eponymous villain, as begins adopt anti- hero like qualities. For instance Othello â€Å"be whoring† of Desdemona, the slap in public follows his vow to â€Å"chop her into messes†; such a change indicates the pollution Iago has created in his mind. This highlights the chaos emerging and destruction of order, inspiring pity and fear Desdemona as well for Othello. The fact that Shakespeare initially portrayed Othello as honourable and brave amplifies his peripetia; and reduction to a mad vengeful, abusive husband and incoherent speaker, all due to Iago’s influence. Othello’s incoherence ramblings reveal his jealous and confusion, culminating in a physical and emotional breakdown at his lowest point he falls into epilepsy. His noble character is abolished through Iago â€Å"pour pestilence into his ear. The metaphorical â€Å"poison† Iago use to â€Å"pour† in Othello’s ear is symbolic of Iago’s nature, to destruct and to kill. We feel pity for Othello as Iago â€Å"poison† is metaphorically killing him. The handkerchief is a useful prop that provides â€Å"ocular proof.† The â€Å"handkerchief†, was seen as a romantic token of love, in sixteenth century and in the play it was Othello first gift to Desdemona. The fact Desdemona does not have the handkerchief turns Othello’s doubt into certainty. Othello values the handkerchief and Iago takes advantage of this and makes malicious use of the handkerchief: Her Honour is an essence that’s not seen: They have it very oft that have it not. But for the handkerchief- (Act IV.1.16-18) Although his tragic flaw will precipitate his inevitable downfall, it is the cruelty of Iago that results in this. Iago exploits Othello’s insecurities. He relates â€Å"her honour to the â€Å"handkerchief†, enabling him to subtly plot an honour killing in Othello’s mind. This infers Othello is much more self-conscious about his honour then Desdemona fidelity, because in Venetians and Renaissance society a man’s honour was closely linked to his wife’s behaviour. Iago will use this insecurity to gain control over Othello. Iago’s lies are so successful that it results Othello echoing his words â€Å"handkerchief† ( Act IV.1.22). This attitude of Othello elicits the audience’s pity. In addition Desdemona’s lie about the handkerchief â€Å"It is not lost â€Å"[Act III . IV.79], forces the audience to lose sympathy with her as they did with Othello in Act III, as it could be seen that she was partially responsible for her own death. This act gives Iago luck, allowing him to present handkerchief as â€Å"ocular proof† to Othello. Although it may been seen that Desdemona is partly responsible for this outcome, we can also infer that Othello ‘s hubris ; his arrogance and belief in Iago has prevented him to confront Desdemona. The society at the time, believed that men were superior to women. Perhaps such a great general and man of authority believed it was beneath him to directly ask about Desdemona infidelity. It is not only Othello that evokes fear, Iago’ s soliloquies can also create fear in the audience. They illustrate his true motives; his soliloquies support the theme of deception, â€Å"I am not what I am† the declarative allows the audience to see a Machiavellian character emerge. It also infers Iago has duplicitous nature. The Audiences will fear Iago as he presented as dangerous figure. Also this statement mimics the Biblical God; in exodus God says â€Å"I am what I am†; and just like a god, Iago controls the dynamics of the play. The monosyllabic declarative create suspense as well as anticipation, as we are unaware of his abilities. The fact that he is referred to â€Å"Honest Iago† creates dramatic irony, as the audience are aware of his duplicitous nature and the characters on stage are not. Desdemona is â€Å"honest† to Othello, she remains faithful, and her innocence is juxtaposed in his perception of her character as the â€Å"whore of Venice†. The use of ironies evokes the audience to feel pity for Desdemona, as she the helpless victim. They also feel pity for Othello as he being manipulated. The final scene of Othello is very cathartic. It purges emotions, as the audience feel both â€Å"pity† and â€Å"fear† for both Desdemona and Othello. We feel there is a sense of waste and loss. The deaths of Desdemona, Othello and Emilia were â€Å"unnecessary†, because these characters were innocent puppets of Iago’s game. Othello briefly returns to his former glory through his Ananogrosis O fool [ActV.ii.320], he regains his dignity returns to speak in former figurative language â€Å"Drops tears as fast as the Arabian trees†. In my opinion, Othello suicide was way to redeem him. The sense of loss in the play is profound by evoking â€Å"pity and fear.† Reference http://www.jstor.org/stable/3122719

Critique on Frida Kahlo essays

Critique on Frida Kahlo essays This painting is a self portrait of Frida Kahlo, in two split personalities. The Two Frida's was made in 1939. It is oil on canvas, standing at a height of 581/2 square. It is hanging in the Museo de Arte, in Mexico City. There are two Fridas, sitting in adjacent chairs and holding hands, staring back at the viewer. The two Frida's are sitting on a green weaved bench on a brownish smooth floor, and behind them is a painting of blue and gray sky on a wall. One Frida is wearing a native Indian custom (a tehuana skirt) and a blouse. The blouse is blue with a gold trim, and the skirt is green with a white train. This Frida is holding a little portrait of a man. At first glance the little portrait looks like a pin or a big button, until one gets a closer look at it. The other Frida is dressed in a white European long, style dress, with flower embroidery at the end of the skirt. The two Frida's are connected to each other by a joint circulatory system with their hearts exposed. The heart of the Frida in white is cut and torn open. The artery that connects the two Fridas is severed. The Frida in the white European Victorian dress holds a surgical clamp and appears to have snipped the blood flow to her, thus one can see blood dripping over her lap forming a pool of blood. The heart of the Mexican Frida is fully intact and appears to be feeding off blood from the Victorian Frida. Both Frida's have their hair braided and pulled upward, this hair style typifying a true Frida hairstyle. They both have red rosy cheeks and the long thick eyebrows that come together in a concave form. Frida uses different colors to convey the message she is trying to put across to her viewers. There is a use of earthly colors in the clothing of the Mexican Frida to convey her cultural background. The other Fridas dress is all white, with reddish rose flowers on it. There is a r ...

INTRO to SOCIOLOGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

INTRO to SOCIOLOGY - Essay Example Such perspectives may be thought of as certain models of social reality. Indeed, each theoretical perspective offers general postulates about the way society works, and for this purpose tries to correspondingly interpret numerous facts of a societys functioning and development. As with other models which human beings employ for understanding the world, like in science, philosophy, and in our everyday goings-on, sociological perspectives construct models with the aim to uncover the meaning of what we regularly witness around us. However, particular models often tend to highlight some specific characteristics of the complex social network of interdependencies, and thus turn out to accentuate different elements of a societys structure and functioning. Some perspectives even proclaim the refusal to accept the indisputable universal validity of offered perspectives as such. In general, while such narrow focuses of sociological perspectives may be quite warranted if we consider that they h elp to concentrate the research on one problem or a set of closely-related problems for their proper clarification, there is a flip side of a coin as hardly any concrete theoretical sociological perspective may be righteously considered to be the best one. The reason for this is not only in the fact that conscious contraction of research space to one particular perspective makes the investigation inherently limited. After all, this limitation can be mitigated by addressing many alternative perspectives which in combination may produce a more coherent picture of social phenomena. The more subtle problem is rather in the limitations of sociological perspectives due to their mostly theoretical background which, if due to some reason it lags behind the actual social tendencies, may hinder productive efforts to build the most adequate model of social reality. Still, this problem seems to be inevitable in our dynamic social environment with its unprecedented level of change in many sphere s of our life. Nevertheless, this should not discourage us from attempts to achieve the proper level of understanding of the roots and hidden driving forces behind existing social problems with the help of sociological perspectives. Rather, with the above considerations in mind we should be able to properly see when different sociological perspectives can be effectively employed, and which strong and weak points each of them contains. For this purpose, let us overview the so-called conflict and symbolic interactionist sociological perspectives, and identify a social problem which can be analysed with the help of those perspectives. Theorists of the conflict perspective are interested in the macro level of society and see it not as a solidary formation but as a battle-field for power struggles. Under this view, people are not really co-operating for social benefits, but instead are advancing their particular interests at the expense of other people. The notion of power plays a major role here, and can be defined as the ability of a person, or a group of persons, to fulfil their own will regardless of the existing disagreement of other people who are involved in their actions. Marx is a famous conflict theorist who viewed the conflict between classes as

The Story of an Hour vs A Rose for Emily Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Story of an Hour vs A Rose for Emily - Essay Example Jefferson stands to embrace a more commercial and contemporary future although it is remains perched on past events and circumstances. The past is especially reflected in the faded glory of the Grierson home and town cemetery where unknown soldiers who participated in the Civil War were long buried. Emily is deeply rooted in tradition remaining in the same position for many years despite the explicit changes in the community she is living in. Emily as a character is both a blessing and curse to her community. She is a blessing in that she represents the traditions of the people she wishes to honor and respect. On the other hand, she is a burden and cut from the rest of the world and nurses peculiarities that other people cannot understand as she acts outside common expectation. She lives in her own world that is timeless; she refuses the affixation of the metallic numbers to the side of her house when her town receives modern mail service. Jefferson highly regards the traditional notions of reputation and honor although the narrator criticizes the old men who gather for her funeral. Death is very eminent in the story; the narrator mentions the death of Emily at the beginning of the story (Faulkner 1). There is a clear description of Emily’s death and haunted life even as the community traditions are expressed in the wake of modern changes. The Emily fixture in the community paves way for slow death. She is compared to a drowned woman and she is referred to as having a small spare skeleton. Her charm and respectability declines over the years much like the Griersons’ outdated sensibilities. Emily’s point of view regarding death and changes in life is quite different from what the other members of the society believe. Emily attempts to deny the facts of death; her weird relationship to the dead bodies of the men she loved is exposed when her father dies. She does not admit the death of her father and she lives in denial of the truth. Her reaction to the

MSc computer system security 'RFID' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

MSc computer system security 'RFID' - Essay Example The prime advantage of RFID technology is its ease of use and minimalism. RFID replaces barcodes and is a time saving, effective and reliable alternative. That is the reason why it is adopted and deployed in multipurpose applications i.e. Supply Chain Management (SCM), Inventory Tracking, Theft Protection, Location based Services, Electronic Health Monitoring for health care systems, RFID integrated travel documents, payment systems and context-aware applications. In recent years, this technology is flourishing robustly due to its extensive usability in upcoming technologies i.e. Ubiquitous Computing, Pervasive Computing or Ambient Intelligence Solutions. RFID technology comprises of transmitters spreading electromagnetic technology in the environment to send and receive signals. The communication is conducted between two elements, transceiver and transponder. 2. Radio Frequency James Clerk formulated its principles in 19th Century [9]. The radio waves propagation is emitted the form of electromagnetic waves and promulgate in speed of light. The applications of radio waves consist of Radar systems, Fixed Mobile and Satellite Communication, Media Broadcasting and Computer Networks. Radio waves can utilize different band of frequencies measured in Hertz (Hz) which represents the natural process of oscillation in waves. RFID technology utilizes Low Frequency (LF), High Frequency (HF) and Ultra High Frequency (UHF) from the electromagnetic spectrum. Light waves have certain limitations when passing through objects. On the other hand radio waves travel through solid objects and opaque materials. The range of radio frequency waves which is currently used illustrates the following ranges; 30 KHz and 30 GHz [9]. Table 1 from [9] defines the bands in the electromagnetic spectrum. 3. Barcodes and RFID There is always a logical concept of analyzing RFID as a better substitute for the barcodes systems. However, the consideration of difference between these two technologies is imperative in order to deploy them successfully. Undeniably, RFID technology does not entail a line of sight to read the tags as compared to barcodes, where it is mandatory to identify the tag optically to scan it within a squat distance. Furthermore, in RFID technology, the space for data in a tag can be more than 100 bytes which is far greater than the maximum space available in barcodes. The available storage space provides the freedom to assign identification numbers not only to a brand but also to each item individually. The valuable functionality of identifying multiple tags concurrently enhances the efficiency in any operational environment employing this technology. On the other hand, RFID technology is prone in terms of attenuation and propagation problems hereditary from radio frequency, more specifically in the existence of metal or liquid. It is also a cheaper deployment as compared to barcode technology. Consequently, RFID industry stakeholders are working tirelessl y to minimize the cost of RFID technology. The efforts are making the component prices lower, which are vital in calculating a cost of any RFID solution. As per the report in 2006, the RFID tag price will be around five cents [10]. 4. RFID Privacy and Security The protection related to privacy and security incorporated with RFID technology cannot be rectified without analyzing causes and driving factors. While ease of use and cost are the most significant factors, accumulation of